The Deterioration of Romero in El Tonto Del Barrio Essay -- Tonto Del

The Deterioration of Romero in El Tonto Del Barrio  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   After reading Jose Armas’s story, "El Tonto Del Barrio," I was greatly touched by this simple yet effective story of how the village idiot is used to teach a lesson to the audience. However, after researching the topic, I found that there had been no literary discussion concerning Armas or "El Tonto del Barrio." I was shocked to find this out, and I believe this is an interesting and important story which should be looked into. "El Tonto del Barrio" is not just a story about a college-bound young man named Seferino who tries to help the community "idiot" Romero, but it is also a story about a man who slowly deteriorates when his pride is taken away and his dignity not acknowledged. First, to understand how Romero deteriorates, we must look at how life for Romero was before Seferino tried to pay him wages for sweeping. Romero seemed happy, and he was always whistling and singing. In the first line of the story Armas even states, "Romero Estrado was called El Cotoro (The Parrot) because he was always whistling and singing" (1137). Armas at first makes no obvious remarks that Romero was a moron who should be avoided; in fact, the story discusses only the respect that people of the town had for Romero. Romero is even called "a respected citizen" (1138). It is interesting to note that Armas mentions that "Not even the kids made fun of him. It just was not permitted" (1138). This point lets the audience know that Romero was respected enough that even parents taught their children to respect him despite his faults. It is apparent that the town knew Romero was a little "touchy" (1138), but the citizens choose to overlook his faults. The citizens of the town and Romero... ...nd Kathleen Wilson. Cumulative Index. Michigan: Gale Research, Inc., 1998. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Index. Michigan: Gale Research, Inc., 1991. Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Ed. Frank N. Magil. Cumulative Index. California: Salem Press, 1993. Frenandez, Roberto G. Bibliographical Index of Cuban Authors. Miami: Edidones Universal, 1983. Hispanic Writers. Bryan Ryan. Vol. 1. New York: Gale Research, Inc., 1991. Modern Latin America Literature. Ed. David William Foster. Vol. 2. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1975. Reference Guide to World Literature . Ed. Lesley Henderson. Vol. 2. New York: St. James Press, 1991. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Shelia Fitzgerald. Cumulative Index. Michigan: Gale Research, Inc., 1989. , World Literature Criticism. Ed. James P. Draper. Vol. 6. Michigan: Gale Research Inc., 1992.      

Review the article What is strategy? by Michael .E. Porter Essay

Michael Eugene Porter is a Professor at The Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, based at the Harvard Business School. He is generally recognized as the father of the modern strategy field. One of his great writing is â€Å"What is strategy?† published in 1996. The beginning of the article raises a mistake of Operational Effectiveness for Strategy that many companies had suffered for almost two decades. In the article, Operational Effectiveness means performing similar activities better than rivals perform them. To achieve this objective, companies based on its strength using their best available technologies, skill, management, human resource, eliminated wasted effort, motivated employees†¦ As the result of this, they could offer lower cost but superior quality to the customers meanwhile moving toward the frontier. In this case, customers and suppliers received a lot of benefit. But for the companies the fast and dramatic profit they received at the early time day by day became nothing. They just run faster and faster in the endless race of Operational Effectiveness, no one could win. One of the reasons for this is so irony. Competitors imitated the best practices in technology, management, input improvement. Therefore most of the com panies look nearly the same. There were no difference and competitive advantage anymore and the sinking price ever nearer to marginal cost. We can see it clearly in mobile phone market; Samsung is facing with the imitation from Chinese companies for example Xiaomi. Those new entrants put a heavy threat on market share and made Samsung lose a lot of money. By finding out and describe the matter really clearly, this article has shown the conflict in operating the companies. Managers have tried to get the better but receive the worse. It explains why many companies got stuck in their management trap for almost twenty years. To make it clearer, a very typical example falls into Japanese companies which imitated and emulated one another, tried to satisfy any need from customers. This argument from Porter helps managers avoid mistake and remind them about strategy. In the second part of the article, the method to solve the matter is introduced: â€Å"Strategy rests on Unique Activities†. Porter suggested that to avoid copying, and to be different, managers have to choose a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value, and perform activities different from competitors. It is Strategy positioning including three sources: The first one is â€Å"Variety Based Positioning†. The companies use this if they can create a particular product or service using distinctive set of activities to satisfy one common need of a group of customers. A very good example for this case is Jiffy Lube International. It just focus on automotive lubricants, no other car repair or maintenance service. Therefore, their service is faster at lower cost, persuading customer to get oil changes. This way will attract customers with strong and specific need especially the wise customers who believe in the advantage of specialization. The second one is â€Å"Needs Based Positioning† meaning serving all or most of the needs of a particular group of customers. To illustrate this case, Porter showed a very excellent example of Ikera. This company tried to serve all the home furnishing needs of its target customers who were happy to trade-off service for cost and need stylish furniture, in-store child care, extended hours. Besides according to the customers’ life period or special occasions, companies can offer different kinds of services, for example, BIDV bank can offer student a loan for study, after that another loan for buying car, house or when he needs some money for his wedding or business. The third one is â€Å"Access Based Positioning†: Segmenting customers who are accessible in different ways (geography, scale, or other differentiator that requires customizing of activities to reach this group of customers). For example, in Indian rural places where the roads were too poor that car and truck can not approach, Unilever group used local people to carry their products (shampoo†¦) and deliver to the local people in those remote places. In practice, some companies likes Blackberries, Samsung can attract normal customers by advertising but for famous people who create the fashion trend and influence community’s preference, the best way is sponsor or giving them the new expensive product as a present and paying them to use it. Anyway, there is an argument that is strategy doesn’t mean niche approach and the most important is that decision on selecting a set of activities has to meet a group of customers’ common needs. The more valuable the company’s position is the more attractive for rivals to imitate. Competitors can reposition itself or straddling (Continental airline maintain its full service while imitated Southwest point-to-point routes, no meal, low fare†¦). In order to make strategic position sustainable and avoid a burden of functions, companies have to trade-off. And it is mentioned in the third part of the article. â€Å"Trade-off† creates the need for choice and protects against repositioning and straddles as well as limit what a company offers. The company trades-off for three reasons; the first is in consistencies in image or reputation. For example Neutrogena has built it image for medical reputation, other brand can not copy because of huge expense. Some famous singers, actors or actresses never appear in small-time, unimportant show or event which may blur their image and rep utation. The second is from activities themselves, different position need different standards, method, and equipment (Ikea)†¦. A university lab room is just used for teaching or checking models in simple cases. It can not be used to do business in complex case like the lab room in industry. Finally; it comes from limit on internal coordination and control. Continental lost a lot of money when imitating Southwest to add a new service for point-to-point flight. However, in practice, trade-off is not easy. It’s not sure to choose what to remain and what to give up. In psychology, managers always want to make their company grow. When seeing the competitors who are successful and get a lot of profit, it’s hard to ignore without jump into that business. Therefore, trade-off requires thoughtful decision and sensitive impression. Furthermore, Porter argues that to gain competitive and sustainability every thing has to be â€Å"Fit†. That is the way activities relate to another. They are combined to fit and reinforce another. Activities can be performed separately but the give effect on each other. Since competitors are facing an entire ecosystem, with elements that allow and strengthen each other existence, they need to be very persistent, capitalize, or creative to be able to replicate or break the company’s strategy. To break a single chopstick is easy but it’s impossible to do the same with a bundle. Samsungà ¢â‚¬â„¢s success is achieved by a combination many aspects. Their products are well designed by excellent designers who are often visit world’s wonders, museum, and learn more knowledge from specialists. In addition, they have 33 technology centers for research. Their new management philosophy is another strong point, quality control and positive changes are extremely focused. On the other hand, Long Thanh milk fell to get fit. Their product â€Å"Lothamilk† is really good on quality and preferred by customers but the conflict among the leaders, the problem in management, and weakness in promotion prevent them from being in the top and growth. In the last part, Porter mentions about Rediscovering Strategy. One of main point is Failure to choose. Managers have been confused about the necessity of making choices. Scaring of leaving behind, companies imitated one another rush to meet all the needs of customers. Focusing on the efficiency frontier could lead one to think that companies should be able to beat its rivals simultaneously on all dimens ions. Another one is Growth Trap that means blind pursuit of growth has a diluting effect on a company’s strategy. Neutrogena suffered such a painful experience when they expanded into a wide variety of products: eyes-makeup remover, shampoo†¦which are not unique and weaken their image. Everything became worse when they began turning to promotion. The second point is Profitable Grow: Too often efforts to develop might harm the strategy but managers can choose suitable activities and cost to element their performance, deepen the long-term position. For example, Maytag organized it value brands into separate units with different strategic position while creating umbrella appliance company for all its brands to gain critical mass. The last but not least important is The Role of Leadership. The managers’ making choice or decision is really important. They have to choose what to do and what to trade-off. In Samsung’s management, when the CEO’s decision is made, all the members in this company have to strictly follow without any other argument or objection. In conclusion, improving in Operational Effectiveness is essential but it’s not enough because company need strategy for long-term success. Therefore, every company has to create preservable positive difference to set up it position, know how to trade-off, keep fit, and flexible enough to adapt wit h major constructional changes in its industry. The article â€Å"What is strategy† helps the readers to find out the difference between operational Effectiveness and Strategy, Then managers can realize the way to develop a valuable and sustainable strategy to control the company’s growth and maintain its composition as well as avoid mistake, and copy from the rivals. After reading this managers can combine positioning, trade-off, fit together to have a good strategy. It also shows us Strategy is the direction and capacity of an organization over long-term, and it is very important for the success of any business organization. Besides all the arguments in the article are in a good order. At the beginning, the problem was raised, and then came many explanations leading the solution. Each argument is made clear by a typical example which is clearly analyzed. On the other hand, the subjects in examples are reused many times, that helps the readers feel familiar and understand deeply about every case. Moreover, the information in the article is really useful and practical for management because it is the result of a careful research based on real, practical situations of some famous companies from all over the world. In addition, the business reality reflected in this article clearly illustrates the theory in the book. Finally, it is well designed and easy to understand. Therefore, all readers from beginning or advantage levels can enjoy it and find some thing useful for them. — The end —

John F Kennedy’s Inaugural Address - 778 Words

John F Kennedy’s Inaugural address Throughout John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, Kennedy used a variation of rhetoric styles and diction in order to persuade his audience that all human beings should cohesively act as one to further human rights worldwide. On the 20th January 1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy became America’s youngest president and became the first Catholic head of state. Against a backdrop of snow and sunshine Over 20,000 people gathered together to witness the event. After removing his topcoat, Kennedy delivered what has become a landmark inaugural address. His audience reached out to him as he seduced them with his use of language and bible references which lead to people to see him as a Christ like figure .He planned to both inspire the nation and to send a message abroad signaling the challenges of the cold war and his hope for peace in this nuclear time era. The finely crafted speech had been revised thoroughly by Kennedy and his close advisor Sorensen until he was satisfied. Kennedy’s speech was quite short with 1,300 words and it was made up of short phrases and words much like Lincoln’s famous speech. Kennedy evoked a sense of security and a spirit of idealism towards the end through clever manipulation when Kennedy beckoned on all Americans to service and sacrifice; ―’ And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.’ What this statement meant to the people was a totally rethinking ofShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedys Inaugural Address1049 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Ceremonial speeches are given to mark ceremonial events and help a society move beyond their differences. John F. Kennedy gave a ceremonial speech, his inaugural address, on January 20th, 1961, marking one of the most historic speeches in time. In John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address speech, that is being evaluated today, the author uses social cohesion as a call for the nation to give back to the country, as we should do of course, and to ask, and expect lessRead MorePublic Service: John F. Kennedys Inaugural Address1219 Words   |  5 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address is considered one of the greatest speeches in history and one of the shortest Inaugural Addresses at just 15 minutes. He attempts to build up America’s pride and calls the nation to support their country. He describes these goals using a variety of rhetorical devices to increase public reaction. His short but powerful speech gives comfort to an American public fearful of war. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917, into a new wealthy CatholicRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Inaugural Address731 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Throughout the history of the United States, presidents have used the inaugural address to outline both domestic and global events that challenge the citizens. John F. Kennedy’s induction into the presidency in 1961 was most exemplary of this. Taking place during ongoing tension between the capitalist west and communist east, people feared the mass destruction that could occur with another World War. Kennedy assured the American people whoRead MoreRhetorical Devices In President John F. Kennedys 1961 Inaugural Address935 Words   |  4 PagesIn the legendary words of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.† Though the quote may appear simple, its rhetoric makes it one of the most memorable components of his speech’s message. Kennedy conveys that, in partnership with the audience, he will advance the American people and people abroad. President Kennedy’s 1961 Inaugural Address included several rhetorical devices are utilized to create effects within the audienceRead MoreEssay about John F. Kennedy Analysis704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Leah Moore JFK Inaugural Address Analysis President John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural address on a January afternoon in 1961. His speech includes many rhetorical devices—included to help convey Kennedy’s subject to his audience. The subject is that human rights are determined by God, rather than the government. Some rhetorical devices Kennedy uses are parallelism, anaphora, and hortative sentences. John F. Kennedy’s use of rhetorical devices within his inaugural address help him convey his messageRead MoreLeslie Cardoso. Leslie Cardoso. Ap English 3. P.3.1082 Words   |  5 PagesCardoso Ap English 3 p.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The JFK Inaugural Address On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered one of America s few standout inaugural addresses and one of the finest speeches in American history. By invoking the American dream and extending its promise to the rest of the world, Kennedy s speech was an inspirational call to action that resonates even today. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, The article â€Å"Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years on†, and a photographRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy839 Words   |  4 Pages On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy became the youngest man to possess presidency in the United States of America. As a young, wealthy man Kennedy rapidly climbed the political ladder by initially representing a working class Boston district in the United States Congress, then continuing on to the House of Representatives, followed by the United States Senate, and ending with the victorious defeat of his presidential opponent, to become the 35th president of the United States. AccordingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Speech746 Words   |  3 Pages John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. As a young man Kennedy rapidly climbed the political latter by initially representing a working class Boston district in the United States Congress, then escalated to the House of Representatives, followed by the United States Senate, and ending with the victorious defeat of his presidential opponent, to become the 35th president of the United States of America. According to theatlantic.com, Kennedy was so wellRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address971 Words   |  4 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address By 1961, The United States of America was struggling with racial tension and social inequalities, while fighting communism internationally and protecting the public from the weapons and devices of our adversaries abroad. Confusion and fear had invaded the minds of the American people as the cold war neared its pinnacle; they were desperate for a strong, reassuring leader. John F. Kennedy provided this reassurance when he addressed the nationRead MoreDreams of John F. Kennedy700 Words   |  3 PagesInaugural Address: The Dreams of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy; even today 50 years after his death, his name still inspires Americans and others around the globe. President Kennedy was elected in 1960; this was the start of a new decade and a new generation and was a time of great change in our nation. Kennedy was the youngest U.S. president in our history and when sworn into office spoke his Inaugural Address. His Inaugural speech addresses many problems faced by Americans and many other

Flavius Belisarius The Defender of the Byzantine Empire...

Flavius Belisarius (505-565 CE), a Byzantine general under Justinian I, succeeded in winning countless victories and notably expanded and defended the Byzantine Empire. Despite the fact that he was a successful, advanced leader, Belisarius tragically ended his life shunned from the public. Flavius Belisarius was born in Germania, Illyria in 505 CE. Very little is known about his ethnic background, but some historians say he was of Slavic background (Barker 1). He was assigned under Justinians command when he was about twenty-five years old, and he was awarded full command of the army (Barker 1). He led armies against the SÄ sÄ nian Empire (Persia), the Vandal Kingdom (North Africa), the Ostrogoths (Italy), and the other barbaric†¦show more content†¦In 533, Belisarius was sent with five hundred transports and ninety-two warships to attack the Vandals in North Africa (Durant 109). Belisarius had proven to be a loyal and effective general, so Justinian gave him full comm and of the expedition (Hughs 75). He even gave Belisarius a large mixed army of infantry and cavalry (Hughs 75). He left in June 533, accompanied by his wife Antonia and Procopius who was his assessor and secretary (Hughs 78). In the process of his mission, he captured a one of the Vandal messengers who helped Belisarius discover the Vandals’ plot (Hughs 109). He was able to destroy the Vandal Kingdom in just a few months and only two victories (Barker 1). After this victory, Justinian had Belisarius return to Constantinople for a brief triumph. On his way home, the Moors came down the hill, attacking the Roman garrison. Fortunately, Belisarius made his way back just in time to jump into action and defeat the Moors (Durant 109). During this time, he married an old friend of the empress Theodora, Antonia, but after a few years, she passed away (Barker 1). They had one daughter by the name of Joannina (Hughs 69). Many theories centered around why Antonia accompanied him on his expeditions, and one of the most common claimed that Belisarius forced her to because he didn’t trust her (Hughs 108). In 535, the successful general was sent to Italy to begin recovering the territory from the Ostrogoths.

Pride And Prejudice Five Married Couples Essay - 1116 Words

Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice presents five married couples. No two are alike. From the pure love which was experienced through Elizabeth and Darcy. To the love and attraction shared by Jane and Bingley. The convenience of marriage was portrayed through Charlotte and Mr Collins while Lydia and Wickham’s marriage was based on their desire, attractions and financial status. Mr and Mrs Bennet’s marriage was for their necessity. Austen reveals many messages through her characters on her major theme, being marriage. Elizabeth and Darcy share common interests that help reflect their love and marriage. During Elizabeth’s stay in Pemberly while Jane is ill, Austen reveals to the readers, that Elizabeth and Darcy share a common†¦show more content†¦For example, Bingley states at the ball, ‘she is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld!’ p13. This clearly illustrates his attraction towards Jane. Bingley’s love for Jane is strengthened by her beauty. The love between them is shared equally. Jane’s idea of marriage is to find someone who loves her and respects her as much as she does him. Jane married Bingley for love. Their marriage was a perfect match and their feelings for one another were undeniably from the heart. Thus showing Jane and Bingley married for love and attractions. Charlotte and Mr Collins’ marriage was one for convenience. Mr Collins was in the position of needing to be married whilst Charlotte was never romantic and wanted to be happy. For instance, in a conversation between Charlotte and Elizabeth, she explains, ‘I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr Collins’ character, connections, †¦ I am convinced †¦ happiness with him is as fair†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ p105. Charlotte’s idea of marriage is completely different of that of Elizabeth. Charlotte doesn’t’ need love to make her happy, just that of social security. Charlotte wishes for a stable life. As Mr Collins was a man of connections, a tolerable situation in life, and offering her a comfortable home, Charlotte thought her reasons for marriage were as reasonable as Elizabeth’s. Hence, the reason for Charlotte and Mr Collins’ marriage was convenience. The marriage of Lydia and Wickham wasShow MoreRelatedLove in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe course of true love never did run smooth in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† The idiom â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth† implies that the path to love is never simple and straight forward. The path to true love is filled with difficulties and obstacles from society, religion, or culture. In â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† none exemplify this idiom more than the couples Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth and Mr. Bingley and Jane. The idea behind the proverb plays a central role in constructing the plot of theRead MoreThe Course of True Love Never Did Run Smooth in Pride and Prejudice1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe course of true love never did run smooth in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† The idiom â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth† implies that the path to love is never simple and straight forward. The path to true love is filled with difficulties and obstacles from society, religion, or culture. In â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† none exemplify this idiom more than the couples Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth and Mr. Bingley and Jane. The idea behind the proverb plays a central role in constructing the plot of theRead MorePride And Prejudice: The Board Game Is A Fresh And Interactive1385 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice: The Board Game is a fresh and interactive way to either become introduced to Jane Austen or enjoy the story of Pride and Prejudice as it takes place. The goal of the game is to earn or buy all the needed tokens and then move your respective couple to the church for marriage. Important aspects of the game are the couples moving as a unit, appearances of the game characters, gaining regency life and novel tokens, and marria ge, which is the object of the game. Just as â€Å"the businessRead More Compare and contrast the variety of attitudes to marriage as expressed926 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent characters in Pride and Prejudice. Pride and Prejudice is one of the most famous novels in the history of English Literature. Written in the year of 1813 by the very well known author, Jane Austen, whose novels all examine the nature of love. The general tone of the novel is light, but serious. Pride and Prejudice is a story that focuses on the life of marriage, it is full of love. Money and wealth is also a main aspect of the book. Marriage in Pride and Prejudice is acknowledgedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1615 Words   |  7 Pages‘Pride and Prejudice’ and ‘Wuthering Heights’ both conform to an idealized happy ending within the category of love and marriages within them, as you most consider the meaning of ‘happy ending’ in both novels. In Jane Austen’s 1813 novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, â€Å"a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a good wife, addressing the fixation of marriage for social progressionin thenineteenth-Century English society. In contrast, it is revealed in the book that the oppositeisRead MoreDiscovering a Womans Role in Society Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesthat women were supposed to do two things: marry and have children. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen demonstrates a women’s struggle within a society that stresses the importance of marriage and strict behavioral customs. As evidenced by the Bennett daughters: Elizabeth, Jane and Lydia, as well as Charlotte Collins, marriage for young women was a pursuit that dominated their lives. The much acclaimed novel, Pride and Prejudice was written during the Regency Period (1790-1820). The Regency periodRead More The Effect of Pride and Prejudice on Darcy and Elizabeths Relationship1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Pride and Prejudice on Darcy and Elizabeths Relationship The novel Pride and Prejudice was written in 1796. It was written by a writer whos name was Jane Austin. The book was first published in 1813, and has consistently been Janes most popular novel. The original version of the novel was written in 1796, and was called First Impressions. In the story there is a family called The Bennetts. This is one of the main families in the book. The whole novel is almost basedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1732 Words   |  7 PagesIn Pride and Prejudice, the first marriage presented is that of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. Being the parents of five daughters, the Bennet s marriage set the example for their children yet their relationship did not constitute true love, but more of mutual tolerance. Mrs. Bennet, an obnoxious women with an erratic temper, symbolizes society’s obsession with material wealth and social standing. As Jane Austen states when describing Mrs. Bennet, â€Å"The business of her Vanek 7 life was to get her daughtersRead MoreThe Attitudes Toward Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Attitudes Toward Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Jane Austin wrote the novel Pride and Prejudice in 1813. The novel provides a great deal of information and gives us a detailed insight to the different attitudes towards marriages at the time. Pride and Prejudice is focused and written about the lifestyles among gentry. The gentry was the middle to upper class citizensRead MorePride And Prejudice Character Analysis1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel Pride and Prejudice was first published in 1813. Signet Classics published Jane Austen’s book in 1980. The story takes place in early 19th century England. Important settings are Longbourn: the Bennets’ estate, Netherfield Park: the estate of Mr. Bingley; Rosings Park: the estate of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and Pemberley: Mr. Darcy’s estate. Major characters in this comically toned romance include Elizabeth and Jane Bennet, Mr. Darcy, Mr. Bingley, and Mr. Wickham. Elizabeth is the protagonist

Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security Free Essays

Not only is policing conveyed by an escalating array of public bodies organized at a diversity of geographical levels, but the private and municipal parts are themselves becoming more perceptible in this arena. It is far from clear, though to what degree the growth of policing services delivered by agencies other than the state police symbolizes the filling of a gap left by the incapability or disinclination of the state police to give services the public wants. It may represent changes in the nature of modern life and institutions in which the growth of these services lies along, is complementary to, the steady growth in spending on the state police and other public policing services like Environmental Health Officers or the Post Office Investigation Department. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nor is it obvious that there has been the immense growth in non-police ‘policing’ which is often claimed. surely there has been a huge increase in the employment of uniformed private security personnel. owever if ‘policing’ in its broadest sense is construed to include those people who, like wardens, caretakers, park-keepers, and gamekeepers, have always been employed to guard, protect, and manage both public and private property and locations, then much of this growth may simply imitate changes in the way the task is done. What is clear is that, for a diversity of reasons, the respective roles of the police and private security organizations now increasingly be related. The boundaries between them are becoming less well defined. This is the consequence, in part at least, of a process referred to as the ‘decreasing equivalence between private property and private space’. The subsequent half of the twentieth century has seen a rapid growth in property which is privately owned but to which the public typically has access. This property includes shopping centers, built-up estates, educational institutions, parks, offices, and leisure centers. More and more public life is being performed on private property. Thus the protection of private property, a fundamental aim of private security-has increasingly come to take in the maintenance of public order as while, for example, there are demonstrations against new road construction. Private security services have intruded more and more on what used to be considered the restricted domain of the state police. The boundaries between public and private policing have further were indistinct because of the operations of an escalating number of agencies whose formal status and functional activities are hard to classify. These have most usually been referred to as ‘hybrid’ or ‘grey’ policing bodies. They take in, for example, the surveillance, investigative, and dogmatic sections attached to central and local government departments. The place of some of these bodies has been made even more ‘grey’ by the privatization programme the government has practiced. For example the British Transport Police will persist to police our railway network: they will, for the foreseeable future, give a contract service that the new railway companies have been given no option but to accept. Johsnton (1999) asserts that private policing consists of two components. ‘Commercial’ policing involves the purchase and sale of security commodities in the market place. ‘Civil’ policing consists of those voluntary policing activities undertaken by individuals and groups in civil society. The history of commercial policing in Britain is a long one, McMullan’s (1987) account of crime control in sixteenth and seventeenth century London pointing to the systematic recruitment of paid informers and thief-takers by a state unable to control unregulated areas. This is an early example of what South (1984) has referred to as ‘the commercial compromise of the state’, an invariable feature of all systems in which the commercial sector has a policing role, though one whose precise character varies with circumstances. The private security industry is a large, lucrative, and growing part of the UK economy. Different estimates of the annual turnover of the industry are obtainable. A 1979 Home Office Green Paper suggested an annual turnover in 1976 of ?135 million and, according to the marketing consultancy Jordan and Sons, total annual sales during the early 1980s were in excess of 400 million. Jordan’s 1989 and 1993 reports suggest respectively that the yearly turnover of the industry increased from ?476. 4 million in 1983 to ?807. 6 million in 1987 and ?1, 225. 6 million in 1990. One recent estimate by one of the regulatory bodies in the private security industry has put the turnover for 1994 at ?2, 827 million (Daily Telegraph, 15 August 1996). Because private security firms take up a position of trust for those who utilize them to protect their persons and property, as the evidence suggests that individuals and groups put off to people who wear uniforms intended to conjure the authority of the police, and as those who provide security services are in a position to abuse that reverence and trust, we do not think it is any longer defensible to allow the private security industry to continue unregulated. There is proof of abuse. There are undoubted cowboys on the loose and there is nothing at present to prevent disreputable and criminally-minded operators from proffering any security service they wish. Indeed, even a Government ideologically committed to reducing the amount of directive has recently come round to the view that some type of control of the private security industry is now essential. In August 1996, the Home Office announced that a statutory body to vet people wanting to work in private security was to be recognized, and that new criminal offences of utilizing an unlicensed guard and working as an unlicensed guard would be introduced. Given that these plans are both indistinct and not accompanied by any schedule for implementation. There is currently no constitutional licensing or regulative system of any kind for the private security industry in Britain. This distinction with almost all other European countries. Britain stands practically alone in not having admission requirements for firms offering security services and, together with Germany, not setting performance rations for private security operatives. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands. Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland all have some form of governmental control over their private security industries (de Waard J. 1993). Estimates of the size of the industry in Britain have been notoriously inaccurate. However, recent research by Jones Newburn (1998), based on data drawn from the Yellow Pages Business Classification and the Labour Force Survey, has produced far more reliable figures. Total employment in the British contract security industry now exceeds one third of a million (333,631), with employment in the ‘services and equipment sector’ (which includes guarding) standing at 182,596. This latter figure, alone, is equivalent to the total number of police and civilians employed in the 43 constabularies in England and Wales. As is the case in other countries, the most rapid area of expansion is in electronic security. Indeed, out of the total of 6,899 security companies identified in the research, no fewer than 2,547 are in the electronics sector, the remainder being in services and equipment (2,281), the provision of locks and safes (864), detective services (767) and bailiff services (440). In the case of Britain, for example, the estimation of private security employees (70,000) appears to include only those working for member companies of the British Security Industry Association, the main trade body. On the basis of these figures, Britain ranks sixth in terms of private security employees (123 per 100,000 inhabitants) and has a private security to public police ratio of 0. 39:1. By using Jones Newburn’s (1998) data, however, these estimates are transformed dramatically. This happens whether one bases calculation on guard numbers alone, or upon the total number of personnel employed in the security industry. In the first case, the figure of 182,596 guards identified in the research generates 321 security personnel per 100,000 inhabitants and a private security to public police ratio of 1:1. In the second case, 333,631 security employees generates a private security to public police ratio of 1. 85:1, a figure far in excess of the estimate for Germany, the highest ranked country in the sample. In effect, two conclusions can be drawn from Jones Newburn’s (1998) research: that Britain has roughly one private security guard for every public police officer, a figure comparable to that found in the USA during the early 1980s (Cunningham Taylor 1985:106); and that Britain has almost two private security employees for each police officer. Although there are diverse estimates of the number of organizations trading in the private security sector, and the numbers of people working, few of them emerge to be reliable. The best accessible figures suggest that, in broad terms, the number of private security employees, including those persons concerned in the manufacture and installation of security devices, is as a minimum the equivalent of the total complement of the forty-three constabularies in England and Wales; data from the government’s Labour Force Survey propose that there are almost surely over 162,000 people working in the private security industry, but the actual total can be at least half as many again (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 1995). This rapid growth in private security gives a vivid image that policing involves much more than the police and what the police do. The point is made all the more obvious if one thinks that most symbolic of all police tasks, mobile patrol. It is momentarily worth considering two instances where a ‘police patrol’ presence is provided by personnel other than police constables. First is the Sedgefield Community Force. For several years local councils have employed in-house security operations to keep council property and employees. The Sedgefield Community Force, a local authority police force in County Durham, became operational in January 1994. The force provides a 24-hour patrolling service within the geographical confines of the District an area of 85 square miles and a population of 90,000 people. The ten patrol officers wear uniforms similar to those worn by police officers. They travel mostly in cars, though they are encouraged to leave them to patrol on foot. They received 1,284 calls from the public in their first year. Johsnton (1999) asserts that Private policing resolves the tension within that relationship: maximizing consumption by restricting access to those who might undermine the commercial imperative—drunks, beggars and the like. In most western societies—though particularly in North America—there is an increased tendency for residential space to adopt the form of mass private property, people living in private apartment blocks and gated communities, rather than in traditional streets. Though this is undoubtedly a global tendency, however, there may be variations in the speed and scope of its development. Jones Newburn (1998) note that, in Britain, locations which would be archetypal forms of mass private property in North America (such as educational institutions, leisure complexes and hospital sites) have either been owned and run by the state or by non-market ‘hybrid’ organizations (Johnston 1992). For that reason, they suggest, ‘mass hybrid property’, rather than mass private property, may be of greater relevance to the future development of commercial policing in Britain. Though the Sedgefield Community Force provides a noticeable patrol it was set up as a non-confrontational force and has a strategy of ‘observing and reporting’ based on a presupposition of not using officers’ citizen’s powers of arrest. A small-scale piece of research on the Sedgefield Community Force carried out concerning six months after it was set up found that just under two-thirds of local residents said without any prompting that they had heard of the Force (I’Anson J. , and Wiles P. 1995). This part of respondents increased to three-quarters after the force was portrayed to them. There is some indication from the survey that the public feels safer as the Force was introduced, and a considerable proportion of those questioned felt that the Community Force would act to put off criminal activity. There was obvious evidence that local residents saw the Force as setting off what the local constabulary was doing. Generally respondents said they would not be happy to have the members of the Force as the sole deferrers of crime. owever when asked who they would be contented to have patrolling their streets: 91 per cent said police specials or a new rank of police patroller; 83 per cent said a council-employed community force; 43 per cent said common citizens; and 33 per cent said private security guards. A further survey of residents who had asked for help from the Sedgefield Force discovered that the immense majority of calls concerned vandalism, anti-social behavior, and nuisance — incivilities concerning which all the research evidence shows the public is usually concerned though a large minority, about a fifth, concerned straight-forward crime (Wiles P. 996). Moreover those persons calling for help were extremely appreciative of the service they received. Though direct comparisons cannot simply be made, the residents who call the Sedgefield Community Force are as a minimum as appreciative of the service they receive, conceivably more so, than are people who call the police (Bucke, 1996). The second example is the Wands worth Parks Constabulary. Under the Public Health (Amendment) Act 1907, all local authorities in England and Wales can affirm in park employees as special constables though there are few instances of any doing so. Legislation, bearing upon London only, has though been used by several boroughs in the capital to set up Parks Constabularies. in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967, Wands worth recognized its Parks Constabulary in 1985. There are thirty full-time uniformed officers and twenty-five part-timers (effectively ‘specials’) in the Wands worth Parks Constabulary. They patrol the parks and open spaces in the borough — about 850 acres in all — and give security services in council premises, particularly the branch libraries, leisure centers, and youth and recreation facilities. The constables aim to act mainly as a restriction rather than an enforcement body. The problems with which they deal emerge to be similar to those dealt with in Sedgefield. They comprise incivilities linked with drunkenness, the control of dogs, the use of bicycles, and the like. however they also deal with crime. In 1994 and 1995 the Wands worth Parks Police made 105 and 134 arrests correspondingly: these included supposed offences of dishonesty (including burglary, theft, and robbery), criminal damage, gross coarseness, and drugs offences. They took their arrestees to Metropolitan Police stations where there appears to have been little complexity in getting the majority of their charges accepted. Certainly the research proof is that the relationship between the Parks Police and the Metropolitan Police is an optimistic and close one (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 998). In addition the constables monitor the CCTV cameras that are positioned in Wandsworth’s parks, act as key holders in relation to a large number of local power buildings, provide a cash-in transit service for some local authority functions, and accompany some local authority employees. Similar, although generally less wide-ranging, parks police also operate in Kensington and Chelsea, Barking and Dagenham and in Greenwich. The public is ever more engaged in activities in areas where policing is undertaken by private organizations. Progressively households, neighborhoods, and institutions (both public and private) are becoming dependent on commercially provided surveillance technology and patrols for their sense of security. As, demands on the police have prolonged, so the police have become reliant on skills available in, and services provided by, the private sector. This is mainly to be welcomed, and positive collaboration between the public and private sectors needs to be encouraged. There are several benefits to be gained from constructive partnership. But it is fundamental that this partnership be based on integrity. The public, pass up the police, must have confidence that the very highest standards are being uphold in any agency with which the police are affianced in partnership. For these reasons we conclude that the time has come to bring in a system of official or statutory directive of the private security industry. There is no case for granting private security personnel powers not accessible to the ordinary citizen and, as far as it is been competent to discover, there is no demand from either within or without the industry that such powers must be granted, except in very particular situation. One such circumstance is given by the contracted-out management of prisons. The Criminal Justice Act gives that the prisoner custody officers employed by the security companies now running five prisons are authorized to search prisoners and their visitors and to use such force as is essential to avert prisoners from escaping. But this kind of exception apart we can see no motive why citizens’ powers are insufficient for dealing with the type of situations with which private security personnel are expected to be confronted while guarding or on patrol. Indeed, quite opposing. The fact that security personnel have no powers beyond those accessible to the ordinary citizen itself gives a desirable check on their activities and evidently demarcates, both in law and in the eyes of the public in general, what is otherwise becoming an increasingly fuzzy border between the police and private ‘policing’ enterprises. The realism of private security is that their personnel are not like usual citizens. They may not have extra powers, but they have precise responsibilities, they are organized, they are usually recruited as of their physical suitability, they are dressed in a way to emphasize their capacity to coerce, they might be trained in self-defense or have experience in how to ‘handle themselves’ in circumstances thought to rationalize reasonable force, they are more expected to employ force, and so on. All these influencing conditions suggest, given the extensive concerns ‘about the de facto power exerted by private security personnel whose reliability is uncertain, whose public liability is non-existent, and whose allegiance is by definition to whomsoever pays the piper, that there is a very well-built case for ensuring that in law they exercise no more right to use force than the rest of us. We conclude that no transform in citizens’ powers of arrest is reasonable. The key area, is where private security staff are concerned in the policing of space which is public -streets, housing estates, and so on — or which the public thinks to be public, although it is actually private, that is places like shopping malls, football grounds, hospitals, and so on. We believe any new form of regulation must certainly cover the work of private security guards, together with contract and in-house guards. The Home Affairs Select Committee excluded in-house staff from its commendations for regulation. However, though the evidence signifies that there are fewer complaints concerning in house security services, the fact that there is considerable mobility between the contract and the in-house sectors leads us to believe that any new system of licensing must cover both. Moreover, given their role concerning either private property or private space to which the public have access, equally nightclub door staff and installers of electronic surveillance and security equipment ought, in our finding, also to come within a new system of directive. How to cite Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security, Papers

Nuclear Chemistry free essay sample

In today’s society, nuclear chemistry is becoming more and more common and is being used in a variety of ways including for weapons and the medical field but the significance of this type of chemistry is its impact and what it has contributed to the world. Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with nuclear reactions, radioactive substances and is the study of the chemical and physical properties of elements when influenced by changes in structure of the atomic nucleus. In modern times it is referred to as radiochemistry and has become interdisciplinary in its applications ranging from the study of the formation of the elements in the universe to the design of radioactive drugs for diagnostic medicine. Today chemical techniques pioneered by nuclear chemists are so essential that biologists, geologists and physicists use nuclear chemistry as ordinary tools of their discipline. The significance and what nuclear chemistry involves all plays a role on how it is significant to the entire world. Overall nuclear chemistry is an interesting type of chemistry used more and more often in modern times with mind blowing facts on its origins, positive and negative effects on the world and how it functions or is put to use in today’s society. First, like almost everything else in the world, there is an origin or history of nuclear chemistry on how it came about in this world and how it lead to what nuclear chemistry is known as today. Taken from the encyclopedia, commonly known as Wikipedia, is the origins of this fascinating type of chemistry. After the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Rontgen, a French chemist Henri Becquerel began to work on ionizing radiation and investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. See the â€Å"Discovery of Radioactivity† article’s diagram below at end of paragraph. Becquerel discovered that, with no external source of energy (uranium that created rays which could blacken/fog the photographic plate) radioactivity was discovered. Polish scientist Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore and isolated polonium and radium. In about 1901, the world began to notice that high doses of radiation could cause injury to humans when Henri Becquerel carried a sample of radium in his pocket and suffered a high localized dose and radiation burn. These injuries lead to the biological properties of radiation being investigated, which eventually resulted in the development of medical treatments. These beginnings of the study of nuclear chemistry are very unique and interesting but also hint at the positive and negative effects this type of chemistry would bring to the world. Furthermore, the background of this amazing type of chemistry briefly explains some of the positive effects nuclear chemistry has on the world but as it developed over the years, its importance to the environment and world became clear. Taken from the nonfiction book Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry Third Edition, the authors explain how cancer is becoming more and more common, sadly, in the world and how the problems with over usage of radiation to treat cancer are being resolved on a molecular level. Also, the book explained how radiation damages the human body the human DNA but, on a molecular level, are finding ways to use molecular formulas to construct solutions as radiation protection as well as new drugs to take to stop the disease from spreading in the body (Choppin, Liljenzin, Rydberg 475, 478). See West, Jones and Price’s diagram (diagram of patient in a scanner). Relating back to the concept of chemistry here, the creation of using this molecular formulas to deal with the original radiation problem lead to the creation of better functioning X-Rays in hospitals which provides a safer usage of radiation and allows doctor to examine the insides of patients without doing any serious damage to them. Taken from an ACS website created by the Franklin Institute Science Museum, it goes in depth on the positive effects of nuclear chemistry on the world, specifically on the environment. Nuclear energy is the most environmentally efficient of all energy sources because it produces the most electricity in relation to its minimal environmental impact and there are no significant adverse effects to water, land, habitat, species, and air resources. Nuclear energy is an emission-free energy source because it does not burn anything to produce electricity and nuclear power plants produce no gases such as nitrogen oxide or sulfur dioxide that could threaten our atmosphere by causing ground-level ozone formation, smog, and acid rain (â€Å"Nuclear Energy† 1). See Westenhaus’s Nuclear Power plant diagram below at the end of the paragraph. The usage of nuclear chemistry through nuclear energy (ex. Nuclear power plants) in modern times has proven to have a minimal effect on the environment proving that Nuclear Chemistry is in fact beneficial to the world. Despite all of the great positive effects that nuclear chemistry has brought to the world through its existence, there are still quite a few negative effects it has on the world. On the other hand, Nuclear Chemistry may be an astonishing type of chemistry but there are still a few parts to it that bring negative effects to today’s society. In one of the AHS databases, Gale, was found an article that discusses how nuclear chemistry took a negative of affect in some drugs. Scientists at the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) have warned against the panic buying of potassium-iodide tablets as the crisis in Japan continues. Experts have also cautioned against scaremongering over the effects of the explosions at the Fukushima nuclear plant. One drug supplier said it has sold 250,000 pills to US citizens concerned about possible exposure from Japanese nuclear reactors (â€Å"NEWS: Drugs Panic Goes Nuclear† 1). The chemicals exposed in these drugs in the US from the Japanese nuclear reactors is a threat to the lives of thousands of US citizens and shows that the use of Nuclear Chemistry is interfering with prescription drugs which displays one of the negative effects of Nuclear Chemistry. Another and terrible downside to this type of chemistry is how nuclear chemists are being used in the world to make a large amount of deadly nuclear weapons capable of killing areas with large populations of people. For example, from another AHS database called Galileo, an article explaining about the climate effects on nuclear conflict assumes a scenario of a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan, each applying 50 warheads with an individual blasting power of 15 kt (Hiroshima size) against the major population centers, resulting in the emission of tiny soot particles, which are generated in the firestorms expected in the aftermath of the detonations. Also, in the stratosphere, the strong heating leads to an acceleration of catalytic ozone loss and, consequently, to enhancements of UV radiation at the ground (Stenke, Hoyle, Luo, Rozanov, Grobner, Maag, Bronnimann, Peter 1). See the Teller-Ulam Two-stage Thermonuclear Bomb articles diagram below at the end of the paragraph. Not only does this article prove that major conflict between countries in the world arises from the production of nuclear weapons, but it also prove how harmful it is to the stratosphere and the environment which is why the only way to stop this problem is to just get rid of and stop the production of these weapons. Overall, it is tragic that people have found a way to use this great of chemistry to put in drugs and weapons to hurt people and the environment but the list goes continues on how nuclear chemistry is used in the world today. Moreover, as today’s society continues to grow and find new discoveries in science, the nuclear chemistry or radiation of the world becomes more noticeable to people in their everyday lives. Taken from the Prentice Hall Chemistry Textbook in Chapter 25, Nuclear Chemistry, Section 4 it talked about common devices such as Geiger counters, scintillation counters and film badges used to detect radiation. A Geiger counter uses a gas filled metal tube to detect radiation and is capable of detecting alpha, beta and gamma radiation. The scintillation counter uses a phosphor-coated surface to detect radiation and is designed to detect all types of ionizing radiation. As for the film badge, it consists of several layers of photographic film covered with black lightproof paper, all encased in a plastic or metal holder and is an important radiation detector for persons who work near any radiation source. These different radiation detectors are essential in the world because they depict the different types of radiation that are visible to the human eye. Also, radiation has been found harmful to humans but through neutron activation analysis scientific procedure, nuclear chemists can detect trace amounts of elements in samples and are commonly used by museums to detect art forgeries and by crime laboratories to analyze gunpowder residues. See Glascock’s diagram below at end of paragraph. Radioisotopes are even used to diagnose medical problems and in some cases treat diseases (Wilbraham, Staley, Matta, Waterman 816-819). The use of radioisotopes and scientific procedures for safely using radiation have proven essential and beneficial to helping people in the medical field, detectives and so on. All of the different inventions or procedures used to detect or use radiation correctly have become useful to the citizens of the world which displays how nuclear chemistry has evolved overtime to be more commonly noticed and used in modern times. Lastly, after examining the abilities that nuclear chemistry can do through its usage in modern times, how it effects the world positively and negatively as well as the origins of it, it was easy to determine that the sky is only limit for this type of chemistry involving its effects it can have on the world. The early experiments of the first nuclear chemists started to research of radiation and radioactive elements in the world. Also, the use of nuclear energy at nuclear power plants have proven helpful to the environment in the world and serve as a positive effect that nuclear chemistry has on the world. On the other hand, the negative effects that nuclear chemistry has brought to the world is international conflict over nuclear weapons as well as deadly prescription drugs that being contaminated with the produce of nuclear power plants which have proven to be life threating. Another effect is how beneficial nuclear chemistry developments have been to the people of the world in various different ways. In conclusion, Nuclear Chemistry is an interesting type of chemistry that has proven to have a long lasting impact on society since its existence and will continue to do as it continues to progress.